Final Review of CP Bio. 1

Name: Date: CP Biology I Final Exam Study Guide (*warning: this study guide does not include all of the information that will be on your final!!) Chapter 1: The Science of Biology 1. What is Science? 2. What is an observation? 3. What is a hypothesis? 4. List and briefly describe the levels of organization. 5. Describe what all controlled experiments should be like. 6. List the characteristics of living things. 7. Why do scientists all over the world use the metric system? 8. Name and describe the 3 kinds of microscopes. Chapter 2: The Chemistry of Life 1. Describe the 3 parts of an atom. 2. What is the difference between an element and a compound? 3. What is an isotope? 4. Describe the 3 types of bonds. 5. Describe Polarity and how it relates to cohesion and adhesion. 6. What is the difference between an acid and a base? 7. What is pH? 8. List the 4 types of macromolecules and give an example of each. 9. Identify the reactant(s) and product(s) in the following reaction. CO2 + H2O H2CO3 10. What is the activation energy (Ea) in a reaction? 11. What essential role do enzymes play in chemical reactions? Chapters 3 & 4: Ecology 1. Define ecology – 2. How is sunlight important to most ecosystems? 3. Contrast consumers and producers. 4. List the 5 different types of heterotrophs and provide a short definition for each. 5. Build a small food chain starting with the sun and ending with a hawk. 6. Approximately how much of the sun’s energy is used by living organisms? 7. How much energy is lost every time you move up a trophic level? _________ 8. Name the 4 biogeochemical cycles we discussed in class. 9. What are some human impacts that play a role in the carbon cycle? 10. Contrast weather and climate. 11. Contrast habitat and niche. 12. What is a biome? 13. Name the 10 major biomes. Chapter 7: Cell Structure and Function 1. What does the Cell Theory say and what 3 scientists were instrumental in proposing it? 2. What is the difference between a prokaryote and eukaryote? 3. Why is the eukaryotic cell compared to a factory? 4. List parts that a plant cells has and an animal cell does not? 5. Give the function of the following organelles. a. Nucleus – b. Lysosome – c. Mitochondrion – d. Chloroplast – e. Cytoskeleton – f. Cell Wall – g. Cell Membrane – h. Ribosomes - 6. What is the difference between diffusion and osmosis? 7. What is the difference between passive and active transport? 8. List the levels of biological organization in Multicellular organisms from most simple to most complex. Chapter 8: Photosynthesis 1. Describe the structure of ATP and how it is used by the cell. 2. Define autotroph. 3. Define heterotroph. 4. What is the photosynthetic equation? 5. Where does photosynthesis occur? 6. How are pigments used for photosynthesis? 7. What is the difference between the light dependent reactions and light independent reactions and what is produced in both? 8. List the factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis. Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration 1. What is the overall equation for cellular respiration? 2. Define aerobic. 3. Define anaerobic. 4. Name the 3 parts of anaerobic cellular respiration. (What is produced in each part?) 5. Describe the 2 type of fermentation. 6. Which process yields more ATP, Anaerobic Respiration (Fermentation) or Aerobic Respiration (Cellular Respiration)? Chapter 10: Cell Growth and Division 1. What are the 2 major reasons why cells have size limitations? 2. What is cell division? 3. Draw a chromosome and label the sister chromatids and centromere. 4. List the parts interphase and jot down what happens in each. 5. List the steps of mitosis and jot down what happens in each. 6. Cells that have lost the ability to regulate their own division are said to be _________________________. Chapter 11: Genetics 1. Define Genetics. 2. What is a trait? 3. What is a Gene? Allele? 4. What is the difference between a dominant and recessive allele? 5. What do punnett squares allow you to do? 6. What is a genotype? Phenotype? 7. Define ….Homozygous and Heterozygous. 8. What does independent assortment state? 9. What is the difference between Incomplete dominance and Codominance? 10. How is meiosis different then mitosis? 11. What is crossing-over? 12. What is a gamete? 13. What is nondisjunction? 14. What 2 sex chromosomes does a male have? 15. What 2 sex chromosomes does a female have? 16. Where are most sex-linked genes found? 17. Describe gene therapy. Chapter 12: DNA and RNA 1. Describe the structure of DNA. 2. What are the components of a DNA nucleotide? 3. What does the complimentary base pair rule state? 4. What role does DNA polymerase I play in DNA replication? 5. Give the complimentary strand sequence for this DNA strand (C A T A A A G G C A T C T) 6. How is RNA different from DNA? 7. What happens during transcription? 8. What happens during translation? 9. What is a point mutation? 10. What is a chromosomal mutation?